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Theology and Religious Studies: Exploring a Discipline

Contextual Biblical Interpretation

The one-year Master's degree programme Theology & Religious Studies focuses on specific professional fields. You will be prepared for a professional career within or outside religious institutions. Each specialization focuses on their own field.

This track offers you a tailor-made opportunity to deepen your knowledge of one particular topic, or discipline, within theology and religious studies. You can pursue a thematic or disciplinary focus of your own choice; the faculty’s research centres offer various study routes and the coordinator is happy to advise you personally concerning your options. Your own interests, passion and curiosity are the points of departure for this track.

In the first semester you take three electives, in addition to the course in hermeneutics, which you take with all MA students. Electives can be chosen from all MA programmes of the Faculty of Religion and Theology (and upon agreement with the coordinator from beyond the faculty as well). For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

The options are very broad. Yet, some preprogrammed study routes are also available and have been of use to many students already:

Which study route do you choose?

Select the study route of your choice and find out more about the study programme.

Summary

The study route in Bible Translation brings together theory and practice relevant for translating the Bible. In the Working Sessions students learn to analyze translations and to practise translation themselves. The programme furthermore consists of courses of choice that support critical study of the Hebrew and Greek biblical texts from a variety of methods and perspectives, such as linguistic, historical and exegetical study, digital analysis, and reception history. In addition, it is optional to combine this with a study route in contextual biblical interpretation to enhance self-awareness in the process of Bible interpretation and translation. The aim of this study route is to gain experience in Bible translation, to be trained in Biblical exegesis (from a linguistic or from a historical angle), and to become aware of the contextual and hermeneutical processes involved in interpretation and translation.

Questions? Please contact Prof. dr. Matthijs J. de Jong, m.j.de.jong@vu.nl

Courses

Required course

  • Working Sessions Bible Translation (P2)

Required courses (for all master students)

  • Hermeneutics (P1)
  • Professional skills (P3)

Recommended courses (other options possible)

  • Analytical tools and the study of the Bible
  • Courses in Biblical Studies (each year different topics)
  • Courses in Contextual Biblical Interpretation (each year different topics)

Your coursework consists of both specialized modules and modules shared with other students. In the first period of the academic year, you will take the course on hermeneutics (required) and next to this a course of your choice relating to Bible interpretation (see recommended courses above). In the second period, you will follow the course Working Sessions in Bible Translation, together with a further course of your choice either in the field of Biblical exegesis or Contextual Biblical Interpretation. After another (required) interdisciplinary course in the third period (professional skills), follows in the second half of the academic year your (research) internship and thesis. This is the trajectory for full-time students of this one-year track. Part-time students should consult with the coordinator, prof. dr. Matthijs J. de Jong (m.j.de.jong@vu.nl) about the structure of their program.

For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

Summary

The study route in Biblical Studies and Digital Humanities combines the versatile tools of computational analysis with critical study of the Hebrew and Greek biblical texts. Research into complex linguistic or hermeneutical issues often requires more powerful tools and more data than traditional methods offer. Tagged databases, language processing tools, and statistical analyses enable researchers to gather, test, and present that data. Students may also apply these to Targums, Dead Sea Scrolls, or Septuagint studies. The programme additionally entails the language, history, transmission, and reception of the biblical texts themselves.

Courses

Courses (other options possible)

  • Working sessions Bible Translation
  • Specialization courses in Biblical Studies (each year different topics)

For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

Summary

During this study route you will study the writings of the New Testament in their historical, cultural, and religious contexts and focuses on the ways in which these and other writings functioned within the formation of Christianity as a world religion.

The twenty-seven writings known as the New Testament were all written in the first or early second century. They became authoritative Scripture in a process that resulted in the first mention of this list in the year 367. Bisshop Athanasius of Alexandria lists these particular writings as authoritative, and does so in his 39th Easter Letter. How did Christianity-in-the-making relate to Judaism-in-the-making? How did it relate to its pagan contexts? We study the New Testament from a variety of perspectives, with historical, but also hermeneutical and contemporary questions in mind. From textual criticism to reception history, from theological exegesis to philology, we practice it all.

Questions? Please contact Prof. dr. Bert Jan Lietaert Peerbolte, l.j.lietaert.peerbolte@vu.nl.

Courses

For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

Summary

Contextual Biblical Interpretation (CBI) researches how the Bible is being interpreted worldwide and throughout history and it creates innovative interpretations of the same. What effect do interpretations have? Why and how is the Bible relevant to people? Which valuable perspectives are overlooked? Each context leads to new interpretations of the Bible. Interpretations that contribute to the good life are a particular focus. In this way, CBI connects with the Sustainable Development Goals and VU Amsterdam's vision of ‘science for society.’ Studying CBI means to study both text and reader and to research both the interpretation of the Bible and its effect on its readers.

The scope of CBI is wide and offers plenty of opportunities to develop your own focus. Recent contexts of biblical interpretation explored by students and staff include:

  • Ecology and the climate crisis
  • (Religious) education; the world of children and youth
  • Missionary initiatives
  • Gender (feminist, masculist, queer, etc.)
  • Dis/ability (the Deaf community, people with mental dis/abilities)
  • Spiritual care (hospitals, psychiatric care, etc.)
  • Migrant/international churches
  • Black lives matter/the context of racism
  • Church traditions, such as Mennonites, Baptists, Reformed, Catholics, etc.

Many of these topics have been and can be explored with one eye on contemporary contexts and another on historical ones. The combination of both is often innovative: does the contemporary ecological crisis offer new perspectives on Paul’s notion of creation? Can the imaginative interpretation of the Bible by children aid in asking new questions about the Psalms? Do queer perspectives question our historical categories for interpreting the Gospels? And so on. Taking contextuality seriously is a catalyst for innovative, fresh interpretations and new forms of insight into the texts themselves.

The Centre of Contextual Biblical Interpretation offers research internships and its wide network of partners in society provides opportunities for other kinds of internship. The research colloquium of the Centre is open to MA students specializing in CBI.

Courses

Your coursework consists of both specialized modules and modules shared with other students, such as hermeneutics and research and professional skills. Part-time students should consult with the coordinator of the study route, prof. dr. Peter-Ben Smit (p.b.a.smit@vu.nl) about the structure of their program.

Courses currently offered are:

  • 2024/25 – period 1: Contextual Interpretations: Cases from the Hebrew Bible, by Joep Dubbink
  • 2024/25 – period 2: Exegesis of Hebrew Poetry, by Eveline van Staalduine-Sulman
  • Annually: Research Colloquium in Contextual Biblical Interpretation (Graduate School, per agreement with the coordinator); this is a rolling module convening throughout the academic year.

Students of the study route Contextual Biblical Interpretation can also opt for a training in Contextual Bible Reading. This training is offered by the Stichting Contextueel Bijbellezen Nederland. Questions can be addressed to Peter Breure at jpebreure@online.nl. The training can be used for the course 'Professional Skills.'

Other combinations of and choices from relevant MA modules are possible in consultation with the coordinator.

For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide

Summary

If you are a student enthusiastic about your Christian faith, the church and Gods mission, and are looking for ways to serve in an evangelical Protestant church or organisation, this master’s programme is for you!

The programme is designed for students who have an affinity with an evangelical spirituality, and/or more specifically have an affinity with the baptistic tradition (although the latter is by no means a requirement). Throughout the modules, a continuous interaction is sought between the study of faith practices, the deepening of theological knowledge and the personal and professional formation of the student. It is coordinated by the Dutch Baptist Seminary and linked to the James Wm. McClendon Chair for Baptistic and Evangelical Theologies at VU Amsterdam.

During the programme – one year (fulltime) or two years (part-time) – Dutch-speaking students take part in the learning community of the Baptist Seminary, which involves sharing your life with peers, weekly times of prayer and three days annually set apart for exploring ‘doing theology’ around an actual topic. For international (English speaking) students, there are possibilities to become involved in the learning network of the International Baptist Theological Seminary (IBTS).

Click here for more information about Evangelical & Baptistic Leadership.

Courses

  • Hermeneutics (6 EC): here you look at philosophical hermeneutics and post-colonial, intercultural and feminist approaches, focusing on the question of how best to understand each other.
  • Evangelical & Baptistic Ethics: Contemporary Issues (6 EC): a course in which contemporary ethical issues are explored and discussed, using particular lenses from the baptistic/evangelical tradition, such as the emphasis on personal experience, a Biblicist hermeneutics and the process of discerning the mind of Christ together and the centrality of the Sermon on the Mount.
  • General Research Skills (3 EC) & Professional Skills (3 EC).
  • Internship (12 EC): you will be supervised by a mentor during both the theory and practice of your internship (for Dutch students, see below).
  • Applied Christology: Evangelical & Baptistic Perspectives (6 EC): a course that deeply engages with the theological field of Christology, starting from the way Christ is made present in ecclesial practices, in evangelical spirituality and in secular culture.
  • Elective (6 EC): you can choose one elective from the courses offered by this and other faculties.
  • Resilience in a Secular Age (6 EC) or Reframing Religion (6 EC)
  • Thesis (12 EC)

For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

Summary

This study route equips the student with sufficient knowledge and tools to explore important academic and societally relevant issues at the intersection of philosophy and religion, such as various challenges in contemporary hermeneutics, philosophy of religion, apologetics, and analytic theology. By the end of this year, the student will have an MA in theology and has the opportunity to continue his or her studies in the second year of a Research Master in Theology or a Research Master in Philosophy.

Courses

  • Hermeneutics
  • General Research Skills
  • Internship
  • Thesis

For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

Summary

With deep roots and a broad geographic presence, Reformed and Evangelical theologies form a robust and vibrant tradition within global Christianity. Confronted with the complexities and intrigues of modern life, this study route sets out to explore this rich tradition in the challenges it faces, as well as the opportunities, for theological contemplation, it offers.

This study route explores the history of the Reformed and Evangelical tradition within Christianity, and teaches students to reason theologically (as Reformed/Evangelical theologians). Contemporary issues that are hotly debated within Evangelicalism – like evolutionary theory – are discussed. The same goes for theological questions raised by practices and spiritualities within faith communities; topics like providence and God’s presence are related to divine guidance in believer’s lives and the gifts of the Spirit in charismatic circles.

Are you looking to deepen (critical) insight in your own tradition? Think through complex theological queries? Or, explore a way of doing theology that is characteristic for a growing and global branch of Christianity? Then this is the study route for you!

Courses

For an overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

  • Bible Translation

    Summary

    The study route in Bible Translation brings together theory and practice relevant for translating the Bible. In the Working Sessions students learn to analyze translations and to practise translation themselves. The programme furthermore consists of courses of choice that support critical study of the Hebrew and Greek biblical texts from a variety of methods and perspectives, such as linguistic, historical and exegetical study, digital analysis, and reception history. In addition, it is optional to combine this with a study route in contextual biblical interpretation to enhance self-awareness in the process of Bible interpretation and translation. The aim of this study route is to gain experience in Bible translation, to be trained in Biblical exegesis (from a linguistic or from a historical angle), and to become aware of the contextual and hermeneutical processes involved in interpretation and translation.

    Questions? Please contact Prof. dr. Matthijs J. de Jong, m.j.de.jong@vu.nl

    Courses

    Required course

    • Working Sessions Bible Translation (P2)

    Required courses (for all master students)

    • Hermeneutics (P1)
    • Professional skills (P3)

    Recommended courses (other options possible)

    • Analytical tools and the study of the Bible
    • Courses in Biblical Studies (each year different topics)
    • Courses in Contextual Biblical Interpretation (each year different topics)

    Your coursework consists of both specialized modules and modules shared with other students. In the first period of the academic year, you will take the course on hermeneutics (required) and next to this a course of your choice relating to Bible interpretation (see recommended courses above). In the second period, you will follow the course Working Sessions in Bible Translation, together with a further course of your choice either in the field of Biblical exegesis or Contextual Biblical Interpretation. After another (required) interdisciplinary course in the third period (professional skills), follows in the second half of the academic year your (research) internship and thesis. This is the trajectory for full-time students of this one-year track. Part-time students should consult with the coordinator, prof. dr. Matthijs J. de Jong (m.j.de.jong@vu.nl) about the structure of their program.

    For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

  • Biblical Studies and Digital Humanities

    Summary

    The study route in Biblical Studies and Digital Humanities combines the versatile tools of computational analysis with critical study of the Hebrew and Greek biblical texts. Research into complex linguistic or hermeneutical issues often requires more powerful tools and more data than traditional methods offer. Tagged databases, language processing tools, and statistical analyses enable researchers to gather, test, and present that data. Students may also apply these to Targums, Dead Sea Scrolls, or Septuagint studies. The programme additionally entails the language, history, transmission, and reception of the biblical texts themselves.

    Courses

    Courses (other options possible)

    • Working sessions Bible Translation
    • Specialization courses in Biblical Studies (each year different topics)

    For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

  • New Testament and Christian Origins

    Summary

    During this study route you will study the writings of the New Testament in their historical, cultural, and religious contexts and focuses on the ways in which these and other writings functioned within the formation of Christianity as a world religion.

    The twenty-seven writings known as the New Testament were all written in the first or early second century. They became authoritative Scripture in a process that resulted in the first mention of this list in the year 367. Bisshop Athanasius of Alexandria lists these particular writings as authoritative, and does so in his 39th Easter Letter. How did Christianity-in-the-making relate to Judaism-in-the-making? How did it relate to its pagan contexts? We study the New Testament from a variety of perspectives, with historical, but also hermeneutical and contemporary questions in mind. From textual criticism to reception history, from theological exegesis to philology, we practice it all.

    Questions? Please contact Prof. dr. Bert Jan Lietaert Peerbolte, l.j.lietaert.peerbolte@vu.nl.

    Courses

    For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

  • Contextual Biblical Interpretation

    Summary

    Contextual Biblical Interpretation (CBI) researches how the Bible is being interpreted worldwide and throughout history and it creates innovative interpretations of the same. What effect do interpretations have? Why and how is the Bible relevant to people? Which valuable perspectives are overlooked? Each context leads to new interpretations of the Bible. Interpretations that contribute to the good life are a particular focus. In this way, CBI connects with the Sustainable Development Goals and VU Amsterdam's vision of ‘science for society.’ Studying CBI means to study both text and reader and to research both the interpretation of the Bible and its effect on its readers.

    The scope of CBI is wide and offers plenty of opportunities to develop your own focus. Recent contexts of biblical interpretation explored by students and staff include:

    • Ecology and the climate crisis
    • (Religious) education; the world of children and youth
    • Missionary initiatives
    • Gender (feminist, masculist, queer, etc.)
    • Dis/ability (the Deaf community, people with mental dis/abilities)
    • Spiritual care (hospitals, psychiatric care, etc.)
    • Migrant/international churches
    • Black lives matter/the context of racism
    • Church traditions, such as Mennonites, Baptists, Reformed, Catholics, etc.

    Many of these topics have been and can be explored with one eye on contemporary contexts and another on historical ones. The combination of both is often innovative: does the contemporary ecological crisis offer new perspectives on Paul’s notion of creation? Can the imaginative interpretation of the Bible by children aid in asking new questions about the Psalms? Do queer perspectives question our historical categories for interpreting the Gospels? And so on. Taking contextuality seriously is a catalyst for innovative, fresh interpretations and new forms of insight into the texts themselves.

    The Centre of Contextual Biblical Interpretation offers research internships and its wide network of partners in society provides opportunities for other kinds of internship. The research colloquium of the Centre is open to MA students specializing in CBI.

    Courses

    Your coursework consists of both specialized modules and modules shared with other students, such as hermeneutics and research and professional skills. Part-time students should consult with the coordinator of the study route, prof. dr. Peter-Ben Smit (p.b.a.smit@vu.nl) about the structure of their program.

    Courses currently offered are:

    • 2024/25 – period 1: Contextual Interpretations: Cases from the Hebrew Bible, by Joep Dubbink
    • 2024/25 – period 2: Exegesis of Hebrew Poetry, by Eveline van Staalduine-Sulman
    • Annually: Research Colloquium in Contextual Biblical Interpretation (Graduate School, per agreement with the coordinator); this is a rolling module convening throughout the academic year.

    Students of the study route Contextual Biblical Interpretation can also opt for a training in Contextual Bible Reading. This training is offered by the Stichting Contextueel Bijbellezen Nederland. Questions can be addressed to Peter Breure at jpebreure@online.nl. The training can be used for the course 'Professional Skills.'

    Other combinations of and choices from relevant MA modules are possible in consultation with the coordinator.

    For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide

  • Evangelical and Baptistic Leadership

    Summary

    If you are a student enthusiastic about your Christian faith, the church and Gods mission, and are looking for ways to serve in an evangelical Protestant church or organisation, this master’s programme is for you!

    The programme is designed for students who have an affinity with an evangelical spirituality, and/or more specifically have an affinity with the baptistic tradition (although the latter is by no means a requirement). Throughout the modules, a continuous interaction is sought between the study of faith practices, the deepening of theological knowledge and the personal and professional formation of the student. It is coordinated by the Dutch Baptist Seminary and linked to the James Wm. McClendon Chair for Baptistic and Evangelical Theologies at VU Amsterdam.

    During the programme – one year (fulltime) or two years (part-time) – Dutch-speaking students take part in the learning community of the Baptist Seminary, which involves sharing your life with peers, weekly times of prayer and three days annually set apart for exploring ‘doing theology’ around an actual topic. For international (English speaking) students, there are possibilities to become involved in the learning network of the International Baptist Theological Seminary (IBTS).

    Click here for more information about Evangelical & Baptistic Leadership.

    Courses

    • Hermeneutics (6 EC): here you look at philosophical hermeneutics and post-colonial, intercultural and feminist approaches, focusing on the question of how best to understand each other.
    • Evangelical & Baptistic Ethics: Contemporary Issues (6 EC): a course in which contemporary ethical issues are explored and discussed, using particular lenses from the baptistic/evangelical tradition, such as the emphasis on personal experience, a Biblicist hermeneutics and the process of discerning the mind of Christ together and the centrality of the Sermon on the Mount.
    • General Research Skills (3 EC) & Professional Skills (3 EC).
    • Internship (12 EC): you will be supervised by a mentor during both the theory and practice of your internship (for Dutch students, see below).
    • Applied Christology: Evangelical & Baptistic Perspectives (6 EC): a course that deeply engages with the theological field of Christology, starting from the way Christ is made present in ecclesial practices, in evangelical spirituality and in secular culture.
    • Elective (6 EC): you can choose one elective from the courses offered by this and other faculties.
    • Resilience in a Secular Age (6 EC) or Reframing Religion (6 EC)
    • Thesis (12 EC)

    For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

  • Philosophy and Religion

    Summary

    This study route equips the student with sufficient knowledge and tools to explore important academic and societally relevant issues at the intersection of philosophy and religion, such as various challenges in contemporary hermeneutics, philosophy of religion, apologetics, and analytic theology. By the end of this year, the student will have an MA in theology and has the opportunity to continue his or her studies in the second year of a Research Master in Theology or a Research Master in Philosophy.

    Courses

    • Hermeneutics
    • General Research Skills
    • Internship
    • Thesis

    For a full overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

  • Reformed and Evangelical Theology

    Summary

    With deep roots and a broad geographic presence, Reformed and Evangelical theologies form a robust and vibrant tradition within global Christianity. Confronted with the complexities and intrigues of modern life, this study route sets out to explore this rich tradition in the challenges it faces, as well as the opportunities, for theological contemplation, it offers.

    This study route explores the history of the Reformed and Evangelical tradition within Christianity, and teaches students to reason theologically (as Reformed/Evangelical theologians). Contemporary issues that are hotly debated within Evangelicalism – like evolutionary theory – are discussed. The same goes for theological questions raised by practices and spiritualities within faith communities; topics like providence and God’s presence are related to divine guidance in believer’s lives and the gifts of the Spirit in charismatic circles.

    Are you looking to deepen (critical) insight in your own tradition? Think through complex theological queries? Or, explore a way of doing theology that is characteristic for a growing and global branch of Christianity? Then this is the study route for you!

    Courses

    For an overview of courses, including research and professional stream modules, see the studyguide.

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