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Hands-on theory building—turn ideas into testable explanations

Sem02 (2025-2026) Fundamentals: Becoming better at explaining and understanding*

This course will teach you three fundamental skills for building better theories: critical reasoning, thinking in systems, and formal modelling. You will work as a team and go step-by-step through building, evaluating, and improving your own explanation.

What you’ll do

  • Identify a phenomenon worth explaining (from any area of interest)
  • Craft a clear verbal theory: what causes what, and why?
  • Make this theory precise with mechanical descriptions and diagrams.
  • Formalize your theory as a computational model.
  • Design critical tests that could prove your theory wrong (or support it).
  • Iterate: revise, compare rival explanations, and communicate clearly.
  • Experiment with large language models (LLMs) as thinking partners to sharpen definitions, generate alternative explanations, or stress-test your assumptions. Use of LLMs is optional and fully transparent.

What you’ll gain

  • Sharper reasoning and communication skills you can use anywhere.
  • A toolkit, useful for every-day life, to cut through hype, pseudoscience, and conspiracy claims.
  • Concrete practice in methodological thinking that’s great preparation for research or a future PhD.

Good to know

  • No statistics required.
  • No programming skills required.
  • No advanced math skills required.
  • You may (but don’t have to) use AI tools such as large language models.
This is an honours course

More about the course format

Course details

  • Practical information

    Academic year
    2025-2026

    Semester
    2

    Period
    4

    Participation
    Also open for 1st year students

    Day(s)
    Mondays & 1 Tuesday (3 Feb) & 1 full Saturday (7 March)

    Time
    Mondays: 18:00 – 21:00 - NB: The first meeting on Monday 2 Feb. is online from 19:00 - 19:45
    Tuesday: 18:00 - 21:00
    Saturday: 10:00 – 17:00

    Number of meetings
    9

    Dates of all meetings
    2, 3, 9, 16, 23 February; 2, 7, 9, 16 March

    Location
    Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam

    Room

    Monday2 MarOnline
    Mondays9, 16, 23 Feb; 2, 9, 16 MarHG-07A37
    Tuesdays3 FebHG-06A37
    Saturday7 MarOZW-3B01

    Credits
    6

    Lecturers

    • Dr. Noah van Dongen
    • Prof. dr. Denny Borsboom
  • Learning objectives

    After the course, the students will have acquired knowledge and skills on:

    1. Critical thinking, formal reasoning, and logic
    2. Basics of causal modelling
    3. Basics of mathematical and computational modelling
    4. Deriving predictions/consequences of theories and formulating critical tests
    5. Critical assessment of theories and their amendment in light of new evidence
    6. General assessment of the quality of scientific theories
  • Assessment methods

    Group-based assignment (20%), individual assignments (60%), group-based presentation of the theory building process (20%):

    • There are 6 theory building assignments evenly spread across the course. These assignments are designed to put the materials of the lectures directly into practice, taking the students step-by-step through the process of theory development, testing, and assessment. These are small assignments that are introduced and started before the end of each lecture. The first assignment, is a group assignment (20%). The other 5 are individual assignments (40%). Each students chooses to complete one of them.
    • Near the end of the course, individual students write a brief research proposal (max 1000 words) for a critical test of the theory their group has been developing during the previous lectures (20%).
    • On the final day of the course, the groups will give a presentation on their theory and its development (20%).  
  • Fraud and Plagiarism

    With regard to fraud and plagiarism, the VU Student Charter (Chapter 10) and the rules and regulations of the Examination Board of the faculty that offers the course, apply. This will be monitored carefully. Upon suspicion of fraud or plagiarism the Examinations Board will be informed.

  • Attendance expectations

    • Be present at all lectures and work groups. Make sure to inform your teacher as soon as possible if you cannot attend a class due to special circumstances. If you are absent for two lectures and/or work groups, or over 15 % of all meetings, the teacher can assign an additional task or deny further participation.
    • Active participation in the seminars and class discussions plays a crucial role in student learning in the course, and in the student’s ability to reach the course objectives: attendance, preparation, and active in-class participation will therefore form part of the course assessment.
  • Study materials

    Relevant tools, e.g.,

    Some of the scientific literature for the interested reader (not mandatory):

    • Borsboom, D., van der Maas, H. L. J., Dalege, J., Kievit, R. A., & Haig, B. D. (2020). Theory Construction Methodology: A practical framework for theory formation in psychology. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w5tp8
    • Fried, E. I. (2020). Lack of theory building and testing impedes progress in the factor and network literature. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zg84s
    • Guest, O., & Martin, A. E. (2020). How computational modeling can force theory building in psychological science.
    •  Robinaugh, D. J., Haslbeck, J. M. B., Ryan, O., Fried, E. I., & Waldorp, L. J. (2020). Invisible Hands and Fine Callipers: A Call to Use Formal Theory as a Toolkit for Theory Construction. PsyArXiv. https://psyarxiv.com/ugz7y
    • Van Rooij, I., & Baggio, G. (2020). Theory before the test: How to build high-verisimilitude explanatory theories in psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1745691620970604.

    Other material, e.g.:
    •    https://neuroplausible.com/path
    •    http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2017/11/how-popper-killed-particle-physics.html
    •    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gp0tYLufcNo&feature=youtu.be

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