Why do people believe in conspiracy theories, and what are the consequences for society? Research by social psychologist QI Zhao shows that feelings of existential threat play a significant role in the development of conspiracy thinking.
Risks related to natural disasters and the rapid rise of artificial intelligence (AI), in particular, appear to be linked to a greater susceptibility to conspiracy theories.
Conspiracy theories have become increasingly visible in social media and public debates in recent years, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research has already shown that conspiracy thinking is linked to a range of social problems, such as poorer mental health, less environmentally conscious behavior, increased extremism, and greater acceptance of violence. Against this backdrop, Zhao investigated which factors contribute to the emergence of such beliefs and what consequences they may have.
Risk of natural disasters influences
One of the key findings is that people are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories when they live in an environment with a higher risk of natural disasters. At the same time, it appears that confidence in the government’s ability to handle such disasters can actually reduce this effect. When citizens perceive that governments are prepared and act appropriately, the tendency toward conspiracy thinking decreases.
And the development of artificial intelligence
The development of artificial intelligence also appears to have an influence. Zhao shows that people develop more conspiracy theories about AI when they view AI systems as highly autonomous and not very dependent on human control. In other words: the stronger the perception that AI acts independently and pursues its own interests, the greater the likelihood that people will suspect hidden agendas or conspiracies.
In addition, Zhao mapped out the consequences of conspiracy thinking. People who believe more strongly in conspiracy theories appear to have less trust in the fairness of the distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards within society. They are also more likely to attribute human characteristics to AI systems, such as intentions, feelings, or conscious motives. This can influence the way people understand and evaluate new technologies.
These findings suggest that governments and public institutions are not powerless in the face of the spread of conspiracy theories. Especially in situations of uncertainty and threat, clear communication, visible preparedness, and effective protection of citizens can help reduce conspiracy thinking.
Recent events
The results are also relevant in light of recent events. Conspiracy theories regularly emerge in the wake of major natural disasters. For example, following the earthquakes in Turkey and Syria in 2023, unproven claims circulated that the disaster had been deliberately caused by secret military projects. The research helps explain why such theories gain traction precisely in times of crisis.
According to Zhao, the results underscore the importance of trust, transparency, and resilience. By better understanding how feelings of threat are linked to conspiracy thinking, policymakers can respond more effectively to social unrest and counter the spread of misinformation. In doing so, the research not only provides new insights into the psychology of conspiracy theories but also offers tools for strengthening social resilience in a time of great uncertainty.