A multidimensional approach to (e)valuating religious leadership
Effective religious leadership is about more than full churches
What makes a religious leader effective at a time when churches are emptying, trust in religious institutions is declining, and abuses of power are more frequently coming to light? Success cannot simply be measured by growing membership numbers, according to the doctoral research of theologian Annemarie Poppen. Instead, the social and relational role of religious leaders proves to be of great value for faith communities—and for society beyond them.
Foppen investigated how the effectiveness of religious leaders can be better assessed. Traditionally, leadership is often linked to visible growth: full churches, active communities, and increasing engagement. According to her, this image is too narrow and fails to do justice to the complex reality in which many religious leaders operate today, often in contexts of decline and societal pressure.
The research shows that there are major differences in how religious leadership is shaped and valued. Criteria for “good leadership” turn out to be highly context-dependent: religious tradition, the local community, and the broader social environment all play a role. There is therefore no universal formula for success. Instead, Foppen argues for a tailored approach to evaluating religious leadership.
Based on the research findings, a multidimensional evaluation model was developed. This model looks not only at organizational or numerical outcomes, but focuses primarily on the dynamic interaction between religious leaders, individual members, and the community as a whole. Particular attention is given to the social and relational functions of religious leaders, such as fostering connectedness, care, and mutual engagement.
These insights also have broader societal significance. In a time of growing polarization, in which religion often plays a role in ideological divisions, the research highlights the importance of religious leaders as bridge builders. Through their position within communities, they can contribute to social cohesion and mutual understanding—not only within faith communities, but ideally beyond them as well.
According to Foppen, this context-sensitive approach offers practical tools for religious professionals, faith communities, and educational institutions to critically reflect on leadership. By defining effectiveness more broadly than growth alone, space is created for healthier, more careful, and more socially relevant religious leadership.
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